Document Type
Book Chapter
Publication Date
1-2026
Editor(s)
Elisa Orrù and Tanya Aplin
ISBN
9781509983728
Publisher
Bloomsbury Academic
Language
en-US
Abstract
Lawmakers looking to foster technological innovation on the European market are adopting laws they hope will promote consumer trust in digital products. Their strategy can be broken down into three components. First, they aim to empower consumers to choose how much data they want to share with companies through an express consent framework. Second, they seek to avoid harms from digital products through product safety law such as adapting the Product Safety Regulation to digital products or adopting the AI Act. Third, they endeavor to prevent manipulation of consumers through digital means.
In this essay, we argue that while laudable, these efforts fall short of reaching their goal. For instance, the express consent framework does not offer real choice to consumers, and the EU’s approach to preventing manipulation has a counterproductive focus on consumers as rational agents. More broadly, we contend that avoiding negative outcomes is not enough to build trust with consumers. Building trust requires creating shared positive experiences between digital companies and product users.
To promote trust in digital products, we propose the EU should adopt a principle-based approach. More specifically, we suggest four principles should be incorporated into EU digital law. The principle of confidentiality should be operationalized as discretion, or the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid causing offense or revealing private information. Transparency should be replaced with honesty, which would empower consumers to make real choices instead of consenting to hundreds of pages of user agreement without being truly informed. Security should become protection, incorporating a broader duty to safeguard the interests of those who share their data or use AI systems. Finally, there should be a duty of loyalty, which would require that companies prioritize consumers’ interests over their own.
Recommended Citation
Neil Richards, Woodrow Hartzog, Claire Boine & Lea Despotis,
Chapter 11: Beyond Digital Pessimism: How a Focus on Trust Can Enhance EU Digital Law
,
in
Conceptions of Data Protection and Privacy: Legal and Philosophical Perspectives
(Elisa Orrù and Tanya Aplin ed.,
2026).
Available at:
https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/4056
Included in
Consumer Protection Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, Privacy Law Commons, Science and Technology Law Commons
